从私善人格到理性公善人格：人心转化与道德主体的现代建构

中文摘要

人类命运共同体的建设，表面上是全球治理、制度协调与利益安排问题，深层却是人心结构与价值判断问题。既有研究多从制度、利益与文明互鉴三条路径展开，却鲜少处理“共同体如何改变人心”这一微观主体基础。本文提出“从私善人格到理性公善人格”的人心转化命题：以四层人性结构（物质层、身体层、情感-欲求层、理性层）为根基，论证私善是人的基本存在状态而非自私，公善不是取消私善，而是为私善的高级实现提供可持续框架；以尊严、承认与意义安顿为人格跃迁的心理动力；构建“私善驱动→以善驱恶创造价值→以正当制约守护价值→以建设性压力推动未来价值→价值回流→理性公善人格→共同体稳定”的人心转化模型。本文的贡献在于：为共同体研究提供人性论与道德心理学基础，重述公善与私善的价值论关系，并把人格跃迁确立为认知共识与共同体行动的微观前提。

Abstract

The construction of a Community with a Shared Future for Humanity appears on the surface to be a matter of global governance, institutional coordination, and the alignment of interests; at a deeper level, however, it is a matter of the structure of the human heart and of value judgment. Existing research has advanced mainly along three paths, institutions, interests, and civilizational dialogue, yet it rarely addresses the micro-level foundation of subjectivity: how the Community can transform the human heart. This paper proposes a thesis of the transformation of the human heart from the private-good personality to the rational public-good personality. Grounding the analysis in a four-layer structure of human nature, namely the material, bodily, affective-appetitive, and rational layers, it argues that the pursuit of one's own good is a basic existential condition rather than selfishness, and that the public good does not cancel the private good but provides a sustainable framework for its higher realization. It identifies dignity, recognition, and the settlement of meaning as the psychological dynamics of personality transformation, and constructs a model of transformation: private-good motivation; creating value by harnessing good to dispel evil; protecting value through legitimate restraint; advancing future value through constructive pressure; value feedback; the rational public-good personality; and community stability. The paper's contributions are threefold: it supplies an anthropology and a moral-psychological foundation for community research, reconceptualizes the axiological relation between the public good and the private good, and establishes personality transformation as the micro-level precondition of cognitive consensus and communal action.

关键词：私善人格；理性公善人格；四层人性结构；人心转化；承认；人类命运共同体

Keywords: Private-Good Personality; Rational Public-Good Personality; Four-Layer Structure of Human Nature; Transformation of the Human Heart; Recognition; Community with a Shared Future for Humanity