私善、公善与共同幸福：个人利益与公共利益的兼容机制

中文摘要

个人利益与公共利益之间的关系，是伦理学、经济学、政治哲学和社会理论长期面对的基本问题。许多社会冲突可以被理解为不同主体利益之间的竞争，但真实的人类合作又不断表明，自利与利他并非始终处于零和对立：市场交换、知识创造、照护、教育、公共服务以及长期互惠关系，都可能使个体在改善自身处境的同时改善他人的生活条件。问题因此不应仅被表述为“个人应该利己还是利他”，而应进一步追问：个人利益能够通过哪些方式实现；这些实现方式在何种条件下与他人利益兼容；又在何种条件下能够由互不伤害进一步发展为共同增益？

Abstract

The relationship between individual interest and the common interest is a persistent problem in ethics, economics, political philosophy, and social theory. Many social conflicts can be understood as competition among interests, yet actual human cooperation repeatedly demonstrates that self-interest and other-regarding concern are not always locked in a zero-sum opposition. Market exchange, knowledge creation, care, education, public service, and long-term reciprocal relationships can all improve the condition of the actor while also improving the conditions under which others live. The relevant question is therefore not simply whether individuals should be selfish or altruistic, but how individual interests are realized, under what conditions those modes of realization are compatible with the interests of others, and when compatibility can develop from non-harm into mutual gain.

关键词：私善；公善；共同幸福；个人利益；公共利益；互惠；合作；社会价值；公善化私善；人类幸福共同体

Keywords: private good; public good; shared happiness; individual interest; public interest; reciprocity; cooperation; social value; public-good conversion of private good; Human Happiness Community