Why Do Differences Become Hostility? Group Identity, Threat Perception, and the Generative Mechanisms of Civilizational Division—From "Us-Them" Categorization to Hostility Spirals: An HHC Analytical Framework
人类社会始终存在民族、宗教、语言、文化、阶层、制度、生活方式和价值观差异，但差异并不必然导致敌意。不同群体可以长期和平共处，也可能发生合作、相互吸收甚至深度融合；然而，在特定条件下，同样的差异也可能被重新解释为威胁、不公、羞辱和不可调和的价值冲突，最终形成持续的群体敌意。由此，文明冲突研究真正需要回答的并不是“为什么人类存在差异”，而是“差异在什么机制作用下被转化为敌意”。
Human societies have always contained differences of ethnicity, religion, language, culture, class, institutions, ways of life, and values, yet difference does not inevitably produce hostility. Distinct groups can coexist peacefully for long periods, cooperate, borrow from one another, and even undergo deep mutual integration. Under particular conditions, however, the same differences can be reinterpreted as threats, injustice, humiliation, or irreconcilable value conflicts, generating durable group hostility. The central problem for the study of civilizational conflict is therefore not why human beings differ, but through what mechanisms difference is transformed into hostility.
关键词：群体身份；敌意；社会认同；群际威胁；相对剥夺；集体受害；文明冲突；共同身份；人类幸福共同体
Keywords: group identity; hostility; social identity; intergroup threat; relative deprivation; collective victimhood; civilizational conflict; shared identity; Human Happiness Community
论文标题：差异为什么会变成敌意：群体身份、威胁感知与文明分裂的生成机制
英文标题：Why Do Differences Become Hostility? Group Identity, Threat Perception, and the Generative Mechanisms of Civilizational Division—From "Us-Them" Categorization to Hostility Spirals: An HHC Analytical Framework
所属系列：hhc