从认知共识到利益承接：回应国家正当自益需求的转化机制

中文摘要

人类命运共同体建设不能止步于理念与制度安排，必须回答成员的“需求之问”：国家和人民首先关心生存、安全、发展与尊严，共同体不回应这些真实关切，就会被视为“别人的理想”。本文以马克思“现实的人”为起点，论证国家是人民正当诉求的集中表达者，提出“十一维国家正当自益需求谱系”，把国家利益理解为人民自保、自顾、自怜、自富、自美、自乐、自思、自信、自强、自尊、自由等维度正当诉求的制度化表达；在批判空洞共同体主义与狭隘利益交换两种极端的基础上，主张以共同价值提供方向、以成员需求提供根基、以责任嵌入保障可持续的第三条道路，构建“认知提升→需求识别→利益承接→责任嵌入→行动自觉”转化机制。对富裕但安全焦虑、战乱破坏、发展中、小国与脆弱国家、大国五类理想类型的分析表明，共同体供给必须匹配差异化需求权重。

Abstract

The construction of a Community with a Shared Future for Humanity cannot stop at grand ideals and institutional arrangements; it must answer the "question of needs" of its members. States and peoples care first of all about their own survival, security, development, and dignity; if the community does not respond to these genuine concerns, it will be seen as "someone else's ideal." Taking Marx's "real individuals" as its theoretical starting point, this paper argues that the state is the concentrated expression of the legitimate claims of its people, and proposes the "Eleven-Dimensional Spectrum of States' Legitimate Self-Interest Needs," reinterpreting national interest as the institutionalized expression, in international relations, of the people's legitimate claims across the dimensions of self-preservation, self-convenience, self-compassion, self-prosperity, self-beauty, self-joy, self-voice, self-confidence, self-strengthening, self-esteem, and self-freedom. Criticizing the two extremes of hollow communitarianism and narrow interest exchange, it advocates a third way in which common values provide direction, members' needs provide the foundation, and responsibility embedding ensures sustainability, building a conversion mechanism of "cognitive enhancement, need identification, interest accommodation, responsibility embedding, and conscious action." An analysis of five ideal types (wealthy but security-anxious states, war-torn states, developing states, small and vulnerable states, and great powers) shows that the community's provision must match differentiated structures of need weights. The paper concludes that the Community with a Shared Future for Humanity is not an empty theoretical community but a practical community that understands members' needs, responds to members' claims, and embeds shared responsibility.

关键词：国家正当自利需求；十一维需求谱系；人类命运共同体；共同体回应

Keywords: states' legitimate self-interest needs; eleven-dimensional spectrum of needs; Community with a Shared Future for Humanity; community response