从"有用"到"成全"：AGI时代人的价值锚点重构——基于"私善—公善"框架的哲学考察

中文摘要

通用人工智能对劳动的广泛替代，不仅引发就业与分配问题，更动摇了现代社会借助职业劳动确认个体价值的深层机制。既有讨论多聚焦于技术权力批判、收入保障或贡献量化，对"人的价值由何确认、又如何实现"尚缺少贯通价值本源、实践方式与制度条件的系统解释。本文首先区分商品价值、人格尊严与关系性社会价值三个层次，指出AGI所改变的不是人的基本尊严，亦非劳动价值论关于商品价值来源的理论对象，而是劳动、社会承认与存在意义之间历史性形成的联结。在此基础上，本文提出"私善—公善"框架：人的具身性、脆弱性和能动性产生不可被技术进步耗尽的正当需求，构成价值创造的方向来源；公善则是主体以劳动回应他人正当需求，并经受需求辨识、规范审查和体验反馈的关系性实践。由此，人的尊严不以"有用"为条件，人的社会价值在相互成全中实现。AGI可以替代大量工具性生产劳动，也能参与公善行动的功能环节，但由共同具身性、责任承担和相互承认所构成的关系价值不能被无损地外包给技术系统。AGI时代价值重构的关键，因而并非寻找机器永远做不到的任务，而是将劳动的目的从证明"我有用"转向促进人的能力、尊严与自由

Abstract

The widespread substitution of labor by artificial general intelligence (AGI) not only raises issues of employment and distribution, but also shakes the deep mechanism by which modern society confirms individual value through occupational labor. Existing discussions mostly focus on critiques of technological power, income guarantees, or the quantification of contributions, and lack a systematic explanation running through the origin of value, modes of practice, and institutional conditions for "by what human value is confirmed and how it is realized." This paper first distinguishes three levels — commodity value, personal dignity, and relational social value — pointing out that what AGI changes is neither the basic dignity of persons nor the theoretical object of the labor theory of value concerning the source of commodity value, but the historically formed nexus among labor, social recognition, and existential meaning. On this basis, the paper proposes a "private-good/public-good" framework: human embodiment, vulnerability, and agency generate legitimate needs that cannot be exhausted by technological progress, constituting the directional source of value creation; the public good is the relational practice in which subjects respond to others' legitimate needs through labor, undergoing need identification, normative review, and experiential feedback. Thus human dignity is not conditional on "usefulness," and the social value of persons is realized in mutual fulfillment. AGI can replace much instrumental productive labor and can also participate in functional links of public-good action, but the relational value constituted by shared embodiment, assumption of responsibility, and mutual recognition cannot be outsourced losslessly to technological systems. The key to value reconstruction in the AGI era, therefore, is not to find tasks machines can never do, but to redirect the purpose of labor from proving "I am useful" toward promoting human capability, dignity, and freedom.

关键词：通用人工智能；意义危机；价值锚点；私善；公善；劳动价值论

Keywords: Artificial general intelligence; crisis of meaning; value anchor; private good; public good; labor theory of value