从技术丰裕到制度普惠

中文摘要

具身智能（embodiedintelligence）将算法能力嵌入物理实体，能够同时改变劳动资料、劳动过程与产品供给，是新质生产力（newqualityproductiveforces）的重要技术形态。技术乐观主义据此推断，智能机器的大规模应用将自然带来物质丰裕并消解贫困。然而，生产能力回答的是财富能否被生产出来，所有制、分配制度和公共服务则决定财富由谁支配、通过什么渠道进入居民生活——二者之间不存在自动传导关系。本文立足历史唯物主义和作者的"生命精神结构论"——该理论认为人具有生物、社会、理性和精神多层结构——区分物质财富（使用价值）与商品价值，提出"财富—价值背离"（wealth-valuedivergence）概念，并将其形式化为三个相互关联的命题：使用价值增殖命题（具身智能指数级扩张物质产出）、价值形式约束命题（商品价值仍受活劳动约束）和分配断裂命题（当增殖速度超过价值形式将生产率收益转化为居民收入的能力时，物质丰裕与社会可及性之间将出现结构性断裂，除非以制度机制弥合）。在此基础上，本文将技术红利转化为共同富裕的过程分解为四项可比较的制度机制：智能生产资料控制结构、技术收益分配方式、公共服务与就业身份脱钩程度以及政府适应性治理能力。比较制度分析表明，不同制度类型在上述机制上具有差异化调整空间。与Mazzucato对价值创造与价值攫取的区分、Piketty关于资本收益率持续高于经济增长率的发现、Stiglitz对制度性不平等的批判、Rawls的差异原则以及Sen的能力进路相印证，本文论证：技术丰裕能否转化为共同富裕，并非技术能力的直接函数，而是技术特征与制度机制共同作用的结果。中国特色社会主义以共同富裕为制度性目标，具备主动调节生产关系的条件，但仍需回应平台与算力集中、就业转型、区域数字鸿沟和公共参与不足等现实约束。据此，本文提出公共算力普惠准入、技术收益事前共享、社会保障可携带以及就业影响前置评估等政策方案，使新质生产力的发展成果更公平地惠及全体人民

Abstract

Embodied intelligence embeds algorithmic capacities into physical entities and can simultaneously transform the means of labor, the labor process, and the supply of products, making it an important technological form of new quality productive forces. Technological optimism accordingly infers that the large-scale application of intelligent machines will naturally bring material abundance and dissolve poverty. However, productive capacity answers whether wealth can be produced, while ownership, distribution systems, and public services determine who disposes of wealth and through which channels it enters residents' lives — there is no automatic transmission between the two. Grounded in historical materialism and the author's "Structural Theory of Life and Spirit," which holds that human beings have a multi-layered structure of the biological, the social, the rational, and the spiritual, this paper distinguishes material wealth (use value) from commodity value and proposes the concept of "wealth-value divergence," formalized as three interrelated propositions: the proposition of use-value multiplication (embodied intelligence exponentially expands material output), the proposition of value-form constraints (commodity value remains constrained by living labor), and the proposition of distribution rupture (when the speed of multiplication exceeds the capacity of the value form to convert productivity gains into residents' income, a structural rupture appears between material abundance and social accessibility unless bridged by institutional mechanisms). On this basis, the paper decomposes the process of converting technological dividends into common prosperity into four comparable institutional mechanisms: the control structure of intelligent means of production, the distribution mode of technological gains, the degree to which public services are decoupled from employment status, and the government's adaptive governance capacity. Comparative institutional analysis shows that different institutional types have differentiated room for adjustment on these mechanisms. In dialogue with Mazzucato's distinction between value creation and value extraction, Piketty's finding that the rate of return on capital persistently exceeds economic growth, Stiglitz's critique of institutional inequality, Rawls' difference principle, and Sen's capability approach, the paper argues that whether technological abundance is converted into common prosperity is not a direct function of technological capacity but the joint result of technological characteristics and institutional mechanisms. Socialism with Chinese characteristics, which takes common prosperity as an institutional goal, possesses the conditions for actively regulating relations of production, yet still needs to respond to real constraints including platform and computing-power concentration, employment transition, regional digital divides, and insufficient public participation. Accordingly, the paper proposes policy options such as universally affordable access to public computing power, ex-ante sharing of technological gains, portable social security, and ex-ante assessment of employment impact, so that the fruits of new quality productive forces benefit the whole people more fairly.

关键词：具身智能；新质生产力；共同富裕；财富—价值背离；制度普惠；技术红

Keywords: Embodied intelligence; new quality productive forces; common prosperity; wealth-value divergence; institutional inclusiveness; technological dividends