价值何以生成

中文摘要

价值理论长期在劳动、效用、资本与能力等解释路径之间展开。劳动价值论揭示了价值创造的生产基础，边际效用论凸显了需求强度与主观评价的重要性，资本理论说明了时间配置与资源放大的作用，能力进路则将价值问题重新引向人的发展与自由。然而，现代社会中大量价值错位现象表明，劳动投入、能力拥有、资源占有与价值实现之间并不存在简单的等同关系。本文从"公善供给—私善需求"的关系结构出发，构建一种价值生成的关系性解释框架。本文所称私善，是主体维持生存、发展能力、获得承认与实现自由的正当利益结构；公善，则是主体通过劳动、能力、资源、产品、服务或制度安排对他者正当需求的有效增益。价值并非由劳动、效用或能力单独决定，而是在公善能力、私善需求强度、供需匹配程度、价值持续性与系统正当性五个维度的共同作用下生成。其中，匹配程度构成价值实现的枢纽机制，持续性决定价值的时间延展，系统正当性则为价值生成提供规范边界。本文进一步将该框架用于解释个人价值、产品价值、组织价值与制度价值，并提出若干可检验命题，以推动理论建构与未来经验研究的衔接。本文的贡献在于，将价值理解为供给能力与正当需求之间的关系性匹配过程，从而为劳动价值论、边际效用论、能力进路、承认理论与价值共创研究之间的对话提供一种整合视角

Abstract

Theory of value has long developed among the explanatory paths of labor, utility, capital, and capability. The labor theory of value reveals the productive basis of value creation; marginal utility theory highlights the importance of the intensity of demand and subjective evaluation; capital theory explains the role of temporal allocation and resource amplification; and the capability approach redirects the value question toward human development and freedom. Yet the numerous phenomena of value misalignment in modern society show that there is no simple equivalence among labor input, possession of capability, ownership of resources, and realization of value. Proceeding from the relational structure of "public-good supply and private-good demand," this paper constructs a relational explanatory framework of value generation. The private good, as used here, is the legitimate interest structure by which subjects maintain survival, develop capabilities, obtain recognition, and realize freedom; the public good is the effective enhancement, by subjects through labor, capability, resources, products, services, or institutional arrangements, of others' legitimate needs. Value is not determined by labor, utility, or capability alone, but generated through the joint action of five dimensions: public-good capacity, intensity of private-good demand, degree of supply-demand matching, value sustainability, and systemic legitimacy. Among them, the degree of matching constitutes the pivotal mechanism of value realization, sustainability determines the temporal extension of value, and systemic legitimacy provides the normative boundary of value generation. The paper further applies the framework to explain personal value, product value, organizational value, and institutional value, and proposes several testable propositions to connect theoretical construction with future empirical research. The paper's contribution is to understand value as a relational matching process between supply capacity and legitimate demand, thereby providing an integrative perspective for dialogue among the labor theory of value, marginal utility theory, the capability approach, recognition theory, and research on value co-creation.

关键词：价值生成；公善；私善；关系匹配；系统正当性

Keywords: Value generation; public good; private good; relational matching; systemic legitimacy