马克思主义宗教批判的人性结构基础

中文摘要

马克思主义宗教批判并不止于否定神灵观念，而是通向对现实苦难、社会关系异化和人的解放问题的揭示。然而，既有研究多停留于宏观社会关系批判层面，未能充分解释宗教意识何以深入进入个体的痛苦、欲望和意义需求之中。本文以马克思主义宗教批判和唯物史观为方法论基础，提出"人性八因子"分析框架——即物性、苦性、乐性、静性、善性、恶性、私性和理性——作为现实个体在物质生活、感受系统、社会关系和理性实践中表现出的基本结构倾向。研究发现，宗教异化是八因子失衡与社会关系异化相互作用的产物：现实苦难引发八因子失衡，理性不足促成神灵归因，宗教制度反向强化失衡。通过善恶作用力的辩证分析和八因子自觉的解放路径，本文揭示了从"神灵归因"走向"人性规律"的理论逻辑和实践方向。本文的理论意义在于：在费尔巴哈—马克思宗教批判脉络中引入人性结构维度，打通与国际宗教社会学（Berger、Luckmann、Habermas、Durkheim、Weber）的对话通道，并将八因子模型与作者提出的"生命精神结构论"相连接，为马克思主义宗教批判的人学展开提供结构化方案

Abstract

Marxist critique of religion does not stop at negating the idea of deities, but leads to the revelation of real suffering, the alienation of social relations, and the problem of human emancipation. Yet existing research mostly remains at the level of critique of macro social relations, failing to adequately explain how religious consciousness deeply enters individuals' suffering, desires, and needs for meaning. Grounded in Marxist critique of religion and historical materialism, this paper proposes the analytical framework of "eight factors of human nature" — materiality, suffering, pleasure, tranquility, goodness, evil, self-regard, and rationality — as the basic structural tendencies that real individuals exhibit in material life, the system of feeling, social relations, and rational practice. The study finds that religious alienation is the product of the interaction between eight-factor imbalance and the alienation of social relations: real suffering triggers eight-factor imbalance, insufficient rationality fosters attribution to deities, and religious institutions in turn reinforce the imbalance. Through a dialectical analysis of the forces of good and evil and the liberating path of eight-factor self-awareness, the paper reveals the theoretical logic and practical direction of moving from "attribution to deities" toward "the laws of human nature." The paper's theoretical significance lies in introducing a dimension of human-nature structure into the Feuerbach-Marx lineage of religious critique, opening a dialogue channel with international sociology of religion (Berger, Luckmann, Habermas, Durkheim, Weber), and connecting the eight-factor model with the author's "Structural Theory of Life and Spirit," providing a structured program for the anthropological development of Marxist critique of religion.

关键词：马克思主义宗教批判；现实的人；人性八因子；宗教异化；唯物史观；生

Keywords: Marxist critique of religion; real human being; eight factors of human nature; religious alienation; historical materialism; life-spirit structural theory