生产主体与使用主体

中文摘要

生成式人工智能正在深度介入知识生产、内容创作、科学研究和社会决策，由此引发人工智能是否会取代人类主体地位的根本问题。既有研究多从工具论、主体论或人机协同论解释人工智能，但往往未充分区分"生产成果"与"使用成果"两个层面，也未能系统回应Floridi等信息哲学与Coeckelbergh关系性伦理所提出的理论挑战。本文提出"生产主体"与"使用主体"的技术哲学区分：前者指能够生成文本、图像、代码、方案和知识外化形式的系统，后者指能够理解、激活、评价、应用这些产物并承担后果的存在。通过引入思维生命周期"活思维—物化—静态符号—再激活"的分析框架，本文从概念分析与场景建模两个层面展开论证。研究发现，生成式人工智能可以成为有限意义上的生产主体并参与工具性使用，但不能成为最终使用主体，因为存在性使用要求具身体验、意义激活、内在关切、价值判断和责任承担。基于医疗、教育和司法三个场景构建的"生产—使用—责任"链条模型进一步表明，人工智能扩展的是生产可能性，人类不可让渡的是最终使用主体地位。这一区分有助于在人工智能时代重新定位人类价值——从生产优越转向使用能力，并为价值对齐的制度设计和责任归属提供概念基础

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence is deeply intervening in knowledge production, content creation, scientific research, and social decision-making, raising the fundamental question of whether AI will replace the human subject. Existing studies mostly explain AI through instrumentalism, subject theory, or human-machine collaboration theory, but often fail to adequately distinguish the two levels of "producing results" and "using results," and have not systematically responded to the theoretical challenges posed by information philosophy (e.g., Floridi) and relational ethics (e.g., Coeckelbergh). This paper proposes the philosophy-of-technology distinction between the "production subject" and the "use subject": the former refers to a system capable of generating texts, images, code, plans, and externalized forms of knowledge; the latter refers to a being capable of understanding, activating, evaluating, applying these products, and bearing their consequences. By introducing the analytical framework of the thought life cycle — "living thought, materialization, static symbols, reactivation" — the paper develops its argument at the level of conceptual analysis and scenario modeling. The study finds that generative AI can become a production subject in a limited sense and can participate in instrumental use, but cannot become the ultimate use subject, because existential use requires embodied experience, activation of meaning, intrinsic concern, value judgment, and assumption of responsibility. The "production-use-responsibility" chain models constructed for the three scenarios of healthcare, education, and judicial administration further show that AI expands the possibilities of production, while the irreducible human entitlement is the status of ultimate use subject. This distinction helps reposition human value in the age of AI — from superiority in production to capacity in use — and provides a conceptual foundation for institutional design of value alignment and attribution of responsibility.

关键词：生成式人工智能；生产主体；使用主体；具身体验；责任链条

Keywords: Generative artificial intelligence; production subject; use subject; embodied experience; responsibility chain