私善欲求论 ——从生命适应到文明秩序的人性基础理论

中文摘要

本文提出““私善欲求”理论范畴，回答人类行动的底层动力及个体欲求如何演化为社会合作与文明冲突。核心论点是：人类行动源于生命主体在环境反馈中维护、完善和发展自身存在的内在倾向，在意识中表现为私善欲求。私善欲求非狭义自私，而是指向自身滋养与发展的根本欲求结构，起源于生命自组织适应机制，精神化为自保、自顾、自富、自美、自乐、自怜、自思、自信、自强、自尊、自由十一项根欲求，围绕““生命完整性”展开。欲求本身中性，善恶取决于实现方式是否滋养。善恶判定以主体第一人称体验为原点，但这是权利命题（谁有权判定受伤），而非形而上学命题（何为客观善）。主体将此标准投射他人，生成公善与公恶；社会关系本质是私善欲求的协调、交换与冲突。由此提出需求—欲望转化、阈值升级、欲求异化及文明螺旋发展机制，试图为贯通个体—关系—文明提供统一解释框架。方法论基础是唯物主义的：私善欲求是生命系统适应机制在人类意识中的高级表现。 本文的方法论基础是概念分析、发生学推演与现象学内省相结合的三角验证法。理论贡献在于：提出“私善欲求”这一统一解释框架，将个体心理、人际关系与文明演化三重尺度贯通于“生命完整性”这一核心概念之下，为理解人类行动动力、社会合作与冲突的底层逻辑提供可检验的分析工具。

Abstract

This paper proposes the theoretical category of "self-good desires" to address the underlying driving force of human action and how individual desires evolve into social cooperation and civilizational conflict. The core thesis is that human action originates from the inherent tendency of living subjects to maintain, improve, and develop their existence in environmental feedback, manifesting in consciousness as self-good desires. These are not narrow selfish desires but a fundamental desire structure oriented toward self-nourishment and development. Originating from the adaptive mechanisms of self-organizing life and internalized through bodily survival logic, they form eleven root desires—self-preservation, self-concern, self-enrichment, self-beautification, self-joy, self-compassion, self-reflection, self-confidence, self-strengthening, self-esteem, and freedom—centered on "life integrity." Desires themselves are neutral; good and evil depend on whether the means of realization are nourishing. The judgment of good and evil takes the subject’s first-person experience as its origin, but this is a rights claim (who has the authority to judge harm), not a metaphysical claim (what is objectively good). Projecting this standard onto others generates public good and public evil; social relations are essentially processes of coordination, exchange, and conflict among self-good desires. On this basis, the paper proposes the laws of need–desire transformation, threshold escalation, desire alienation, and civilizational spiral development, offering a unified framework linking individual, relational, and civilizational levels. The methodological foundation is materialist: self-good desires are a higher-level manifestation in human consciousness of the adaptive mechanisms of living systems. Methodologically, the paper combines conceptual analysis, genetic deduction, and phenomenological introspection in a triangulating design. Its theoretical contribution lies in proposing "self-good desires" as a unified explanatory framework that connects the three scales of individual psychology, interpersonal relations, and civilizational evolution under the core concept of "life integrity," providing a testable analytical instrument for understanding the underlying logic of human motivation, social cooperation, and conflict.

关键词：私善欲求；生命适应；生命完整性；第一人称原点；善恶结构；文明演化

Keywords: self-good desires; life adaptation; life integrity; first-person origin; good–evil structure; civilizational evolution