“恶”的关系论重构：从心性属性到关系事件 ——兼论善恶判断的参考系结构与生成链条

中文摘要

传统善恶论多以德性、意志、欲望或行为者品性说明“恶”。这一进路对责任归属不可或缺，却较难解释同一行动为何在不同承受者、时间尺度与规范层级中呈现不同效应。本文不否认心性与意向的道德意义，而是将第一分析单位由“恶的人”前移为“恶的关系事件”。在方法上，本文区分描述层与规范层：前者指特定关系中对某一主体造成显著不利效应的“负向关系作用”，后者才是经过理由、权利、比例与共同规范检验后的“道德之恶”。据此，本文以“向他/向己”与“利/害”构造四象限，并将“善恶共生”改写为资源稀缺、利益冲突与秩序维护条件下的结构性耦合命题；再以“恶因—恶识—恶思—恶行—恶果”五阶链条区分非自愿应激、可反思的对抗性思维、被采纳的行动准则及其外部后果。由此，善恶判断的参考系依赖应被理解为描述视角的多重性，而非道德相对主义。关系论的意义不在于取消主体责任，而在于把伦理学问题从“谁是恶人”推进为“负向作用如何生成、传递、被正当化或被阻断”。

Abstract

Traditional accounts of evil have usually explained it in terms of virtue, will, desire, or the character of the agent. Such approaches remain indispensable for attributing responsibility, yet they are less well equipped to explain why one and the same action may generate divergent effects across different recipients, temporal horizons, and normative levels. Without denying the moral significance of character and intention, this article moves the primary unit of analysis forward from the "evil person" to the "evil-related relational event." Methodologically, it distinguishes a descriptive level—"adverse relational effects," i.e., effects that impose significant disadvantages on a particular subject within a specified relation—from the normative level, at which "moral evil" is attributed only after examination by reasons, rights, proportionality, and common norms. On this basis, the article constructs a four-quadrant matrix along the axes of "other-directed/self-directed" and "beneficial/adverse," and reformulates the intuition of a "symbiosis of good and evil" as a structural coupling thesis under conditions of resource scarcity, conflicting interests, and order maintenance. It further distinguishes involuntary affective responses, reflectable antagonistic thought, adopted maxims of action, and their external consequences through a five-stage chain of "trigger–adverse awareness–antagonistic thought–action–consequence." Frame-dependence in judgments of good and evil should therefore be understood as a plurality of descriptive perspectives, not as moral relativism. The significance of the relational approach lies not in abolishing personal responsibility, but in advancing the question of ethics from "Who is the evil person?" to "How are adverse effects generated, transmitted, justified, or restrained?"

关键词：恶；关系论；向他/向己；参考系；道德责任

Keywords: evil; relational theory; other-directed/self-directed; frame of reference; moral responsibility