智能时代的双层社会兜底体系 ——基于马克思主义人的解放理论的中国方案

中文摘要

生成式人工智能快速扩散与具身智能加速发展，使技术性失业由局部岗位调整转向结构性风险。本文将缺乏制度、资产与技能缓冲且职业暴露于AI替代的城镇劳动者概括为“夹层群体”，提出“基础实体兜底—上层市场竞争—两层双向流动”的双层社会兜底体系，并设计实物兜底为主、现金补助为辅、中央调节、社区服务激励与夜校意义再生产机制。静态测算显示，直接物资供给年支出约1.6万亿—2.8万亿元。本文认为，该体系不仅是智能转型期的失业治理方案，也可为生产力更高阶段社会主义如何把技术红利转化为人的自由时间与发展能力提供制度参照。

Abstract

The rapid diffusion of generative artificial intelligence and the accelerating development of embodied intelligence are turning technological unemployment from localized job adjustment into a structural risk. This paper conceptualizes urban workers who lack institutional, asset, and skill buffers while being highly exposed to AI substitution as a “structurally sandwiched group.” It proposes a dual-layer social safety-net system featuring a basic in-kind security layer, an upper market-competition layer, and two-way mobility between them. The design combines in-kind provision with supplementary cash support, central fiscal coordination, community-service incentives, and community night schools for capability and meaning reconstruction. Static scenario estimates place annual direct in-kind expenditure at roughly RMB 1.6–2.8 trillion. The proposed system is not only a transitional response to AI-driven employment shocks; it also offers an institutional reference for how socialism at higher levels of productive capacity might convert technological dividends into free time and human development.

关键词：人工智能；结构性失业；社会兜底；夹层群体；人的解放

Keywords: artificial intelligence; structural unemployment; social safety net; structurally sandwiched group; human emancipation